>OK, I understand some open-source DBs support direct language access (with appropriate libraries). But that list must be limited. I suspect some connections >from other languages (dunno if Python is an example) are basically wrappers for Java or some other language that is supported.

>And, do those wrappers use a directly-supported language, or do they use ODBC under the hood?

I really don't know what is under the hood except to say that they use 'C'. I don't believe that they use ODBC as the under lying protocol. With PostgreSQL I believe I'm using direct language access. In the case of P8000 it's all python so I again don't know. Same can be said for MySQL and FireBird.

Python does have a ODBC module. I have used it on Windows. But that is just using what MS has provided.

As far as other languages I'm not sure. I wonder what dart,go, or rust would use?

Of course the open source DB's are well documented and I'll bet they define how the c interface works and the languages just follow the doc's.

Johnf