Jim,


> I will be surprised that duplicating teh city and state fields are not denormalization? Is that what you are saying here?

No, that is not what I am saying. Don't my two exampls show that I have an good understanding of denormalization, or am I missing something?

> If not then your observation is off point.

I think you meant "if so, then...", or I really am missing something.

> My statement is not directed to anything about performance, it is explaining denormalization.

You made many statements; I am disputing the one that is about performance. Do I need to start a new thread to discuss this?