Yes I understand the need for interfaces or abstract classes. But in VFP your cform and cBizObj would have to have the same superclass to allow iError to work. One superclass sounds like it would violate the tiers - so in VFP it does not seem to be right. And because VFP's lack of variable type requirements - it seems not to be an asset (that's interfaces I mean).

I have considered creating a one root class and all other classes to start there. This would allow intefaces to work but in the end I can't see the overall benefit.

John